Kantartzis, K. et al. Clustering NAFLD: phenotypes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and their differing trajectories. Hepatol. Commun. 7, e0112 (2023).
Pipitone, R. M. et al. MAFLD: a multisystem disease. Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab. 14, 20420188221145549 (2023).
Heeren, J. et al. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol. Metab. 50, 101238 (2021).
Loomba, R. et al. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell. 184, 2537–2564 (2021).
Keam, S. J. Resmetirom: first approval. Drugs 84, 729–735 (2024).
Zhang, W. et al. Protective effect and mechanism of plant-based monoterpenoids in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. J. Agric. Food Chem. 70, 4839–4859 (2022).
Zhou, J. et al. Preventive efficiency of green tea and its components on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67, 5306–5317 (2019).
Rong, L. et al. Advancements in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Front. Endocrinol. 13, 1087260 (2022).
Muhoza, B. et al. Encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde: an insight on delivery systems and food applications. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 63, 2521–2543 (2023).
Peng, J. et al. The role and mechanism of cinnamaldehyde in cancer. J. Food Drug Anal. 32, 140–154 (2024).
Zhang, G. et al. Cinnamaldehyde-contained polymers and their biomedical applications. Polymers. (Basel) 15, 1517 (2023).
Neto, J. G. O. et al. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde reduces the visceral adiposity and regulates lipid metabolism, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of a rat model of early obesity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 77, 108321 (2020).
Wang, R. et al. Protective effects of cinnamaldehyde on the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in liver of Salmonella typhimurium-challenged mice. Molecules 26, 2309 (2021).
Galluzzi, L. et al. Autophagy-independent functions of the autophagy machinery. Cell 177, 1682–1699 (2019).
Lamark, T. et al. Regulation of selective autophagy: the p62/SQSTM1 paradigm. Essays Biochem. 61, 609–624 (2017).
Carotti, S. et al. Lipophagy impairment is associated with disease progression in NAFLD. Front. Physiol. 11, 850 (2020).
Schulze, R. J. et al. Breaking fat: the regulation and mechanisms of lipophagy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1862, 1178–1187 (2017).
Salminen, A. et al. Crosstalk between oxidative stress and SIRT1: impact on the aging process. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, 3834–3859 (2013).
Zhao, Y. et al. Cytosolic FoxO1 is essential for the induction of autophagy and tumour suppressor activity. Nat. Cell Biol. 12, 665–675 (2010).
Wątroba, M. et al. Current overview of functions of FoxO proteins, with special regards to cellular homeostasis, cell response to stress, as well as inflammation and aging. Adv. Med. Sci. 57, 183–195 (2012).
Zhu, W. Effective roles of exercise and diet adherence in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 30, 3456–3460 (2024).
Chen, Z. et al. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 152, 116–141 (2020).
Cao, Y. et al. SIRT1 and insulin resistance. J. Diab. Complicat. 30, 178–183 (2016).
Wang, L. et al. SIRT1—a new mammalian substrate of nuclear autophagy. Autophagy 17, 593–595 (2021).
Xing, Y. Q. et al. The regulation of FOXO1 and its role in disease progression. Life Sci. 193, 124–131 (2018).
Byrnes, K. et al. Therapeutic regulation of autophagy in hepatic metabolism. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 12, 33–49 (2022).
Gao, Y. et al. Exercise and dietary intervention ameliorate high-fat diet-induced NAFLD and liver aging by inducing lipophagy. Redox Biol. 36, 101635 (2020).
DiNicolantonio, J. J. et al. Nutraceutical activation of Sirt1: a review. Open Heart 9, e002171 (2022).
Lim, C. J. et al. Aquatide activation of SIRT1 reduces cellular senescence through a SIRT1–FOXO1–autophagy axis. Biomol. Ther. 25, 511–518 (2017).
Qian, H. et al. Autophagy in liver diseases: a review. Mol. Asp. Med. 82, 100973 (2021).
An, L. et al. Metabolic role of autophagy in the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD. Metabolites 13, 101 (2023).
Zeng, J. et al. Restoration of lysosomal acidification rescues autophagy and metabolic dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat. Commun. 14, 2573 (2023).
Milić, S. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: biochemical, metabolic and clinical presentations. World J. Gastroenterol. 20, 9330–9337 (2014).
Ameer, F. et al. De novo lipogenesis in health and disease. Metabolism 63, 895–902 (2014).
Chen, B. J. et al. Cinnamaldehyde analogues as potential therapeutic agents. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 17, 33–43 (2017).
Sakurai, Y. et al. Role of insulin resistance in MAFLD. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 4156 (2021).
Shin, B. H. et al. Pharmacological activation of Sirt1 ameliorates polyglutamine-induced toxicity through the regulation of autophagy. PLoS ONE 8, e64953 (2013).
Hamano, T. et al. Autophagy and tau protein. Int J. Mol. Sci. 22, 7475 (2021).
Gross, D. N. et al. The role of FOXO in the regulation of metabolism. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 9, 208–214 (2009).
Scorletti, E. et al. A new perspective on NAFLD: focusing on lipid droplets. J. Hepatol. 76, 934–945 (2022).
Wu, W. K. K. et al. Autophagy, NAFLD and NAFLD-related HCC. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1061, 127–138 (2018).
Ling, A. V. et al. FoxO1 is required for most of the metabolic and hormonal perturbations produced by hepatic insulin receptor deletion in male mice. Endocrinology 159, 1253–1263 (2018).
Lu, C. et al. Novel role of the SIRT1 in endocrine and metabolic diseases. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 19, 484–501 (2023).
Tian, C. et al. SIRT1: harnessing multiple pathways to hinder NAFLD. Pharm. Res. 203, 107155 (2024).
Cobbina, E. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—pathogenesis, classification, and effect on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Drug Metab. Rev. 49, 197–211 (2017).
Canfora, E. E. et al. Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 15, 261–273 (2019).
Jayachandran, M. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and gut microbial dysbiosis—underlying mechanisms and gut microbiota mediated treatment strategies. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 24, 1189–1204 (2023).
Jee, J. J. et al. Gut microbial community differentially characterizes patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 37, 1822–1832 (2022).
Schirmer, M. et al. Microbial genes and pathways in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 497–511 (2019).
Yan, C. et al. Adverse effect of oxidized cholesterol exposure on colitis is mediated by modulation of gut microbiota. J. Hazard. Mater. 459, 132057 (2023).
Liu, Y. et al. CB-Dock2: improved protein–ligand blind docking by integrating cavity detection, docking and homologous template fitting. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, W159–W164 (2022).