Science news this week: A human population isolated for 100,000 years, the biggest spinning structure in the universe, and a pit full of skulls

This week’s biggest science news took us to a region 140 million-light-years away, where scientists have discovered the largest spinning object in the known universe. The enormous rotating filament is wider than the Milky Way and is linked to a daisy-chain of 14 galaxies, which is how astronomers found it. The filament is whirling at around 68 miles per second (110 kilometers per second).

Closer to home, researchers looked to southern Africa, where a human population was genetically isolated for 100,000 years.

The study looked at a number of human skeletons that were up to 10,000 years old and were found south of the Limpopo River, which begins in South Africa and flows east through Mozambique to the ocean. All of the remains from people who lived more than 1,400 years ago had a dramatically different genetic makeup than modern humans. These people “form an extreme end of human genetic variation,” the researchers wrote in the study.

On the other side of the world, archaeologists in China unearthed a massive pit of skulls outside the gates of a 4,000-year-old city. What puzzled archaeologists, however, was that almost all the skulls were from males — a big departure from the human sacrificial pattern found in other nearby settlements. Archaeologists were also baffled by a 2,700-year-old elaborate tomb in Greece that contained a woman wearing an upside-down crown.

In some disconcerting modern-day news, a massive ecosystem engineering project initiated in China decades ago had some unintended consequences. As part of the Great Green Wall, China initiated a major tree-planting project to stave off desertification. But while the efforts worked, they also changed rainfall and evaporation patterns across the country, leading to lower water levels in some of the most populous parts of the country, a new analysis revealed.

An image of comet 3I/ATLAS that appears to show spiraling jets shooting off its surface. — Comet 3I/ATLAS appears to have spiral jets shooting off its surface, which may be a sign of “ice volcanoes.” (Image credit: Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez/B06 Montseny Observatory)

The world has been fascinated by interstellar visitor comet 3I/ATLAS since it zoomed into our consciousness in July. Since then, we’ve learned tons about the cosmic interloper, which is not an alien spacecraft.

Now researchers have trained their sights on the speedy space rock using the Joan Oró Telescope at the Montsec Observatory in northeastern Spain, and paired its observations with those made by other observatories in the region. The team noticed that the comet heated up and brightened rapidly as it approached the sun, which is a clue that ice is sublimating from its surface. That would make 3I/ATLAS similar to other objects in our solar system, such as the dwarf planets that orbit beyond Neptune.

Discover more space news

— James Webb telescope spots strange ‘super-puff’ planet frantically chasing its own atmosphere through space

— An extra solar system planet once orbited next to Earth — and it may be the reason we have a moon

—Russia accidentally destroys its only working launch pad as astronauts lift off to ISS

a top view of a woman sleeping in bed — How do our dreams change as we age? (Image credit: FreshSplash via Getty Images)

Dreaming is a nearly universal human experience. But there can be huge variations in how vivid, realistic or memorable different people’s dreams are. But what about the dreams of the same person — do they change as a person ages?

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Two prototypes of the ultrasonic system used to “shake” water out of an atmospheric water harvester. — This week, MIT engineers described a way to extract water from air. (Image credit: Ikra Iftekhar (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0))

Researchers at MIT have found a way to suck the water out of the air and turn it into drinking water — and the process takes just minutes. Past evaporation water harvesting systems cool moist air or use spongy materials to absorb water vapor and condense it into droplets. Past versions typically rely on sunlight to power the evaporation, which can take hours or days and doesn’t work in dry regions.

The new method uses sound waves to shake the liquid from the sponges and is 45 times more efficient than relying on evaporation alone, the researchers say. One challenge of the new device, however, is that it needs a power source, but the researchers think they can get around this problem by pairing their device with a solar cell.

Discover more technology news

—When an AI algorithm is labeled ‘female,’ people are more likely to exploit it

—New ‘physics shortcut’ lets laptops tackle quantum problems once reserved for supercomputers and AI

Law of ‘maximal randomness’ explains how broken objects shatter in the most annoying way possible

—Injecting anesthetic into a ‘lazy eye’ may correct it, early study suggests

—Anacondas became massive 12 million years ago — and it worked so well, they haven’t changed size since

—Volcanic eruption triggered ‘butterfly effect’ that led to the Black Death, researchers find

A photo of three men crouched around a hole in the ground emitting helium gas — New discoveries of carbon-free helium reservoirs are revolutionizing the industry. (Image credit: Pulsar Helium)

Helium is used in MRI machines, superconductors and quantum computers — and there’s a massive shortage looming. Historically, helium was only found in tiny quantities alongside natural gas, which made extracting usable helium a huge source of carbon emissions.

But as Live Science staff writer Sascha Pare discovered, a handful of enormous, highly concentrated, carbon-free helium reservoirs have changed the geological picture.

Can that help us find other massive helium caches — and solve the helium shortage?

‘Intelligence comes at a price, and for many species, the benefits just aren’t worth it’: A neuroscientist’s take on how human intellect evolved [Book extract]

—Your AI-generated image of a cat riding a banana exists because of children clawing through the dirt for toxic elements. Is it really worth it? [Opinion]

—Science history: Computer scientist lays out ‘Moore’s law,’ guiding chip design for a half century — Dec. 2, 1964 [Science history]

View of a palaeontology study site in Bolivia with thousands of dinosaur tracks. — With the discovery, Carreras Pampa in Bolivia has become one of the premier dinosaur track sites in the world. (Image credit: Raúl Esperante)

While excavating in Bolivia’s Carreras Pampa tracksite, scientists found more than 18,000 fossilized dinosaur footprints and swim marks. The vast trail of ancient footprints spans an area of 80,570 square feet (7,485 square meters), and the sheer size of the area is visible in a video the researchers took of the site.

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