If there’s anything that history proves, it’s that nothing is permanent—not even nations. There have been several countries throughout the years that have disappeared, dissolved, or transformed into something entirely different. That certainly includes a few throughout cinema’s existence in the 20th century, which means that there are many movies out there whose home has vanished since their release.
Many such movies have either been forgotten by time or disappeared altogether, but there are a few masterpieces from countries that no longer exist that are widely counted among the greatest films ever made. From Yugoslav gems like pretty much Emir Kusturica‘s entire filmography to legendary Soviet movies like I Am Cuba, these are cornerstones of movie history that cinephiles should never allow themselves to forget.
‘I Was Nineteen’ (1968) From East Germany
Right before the end of World War II, the Allied powers agreed on the division of defeated Nazi Germany into occupation zones. The Soviet occupation zone turned into East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic, a communist state whose economy soon became the most successful in the Eastern European Bloc. East Germany’s state-owned film studio was called DEFA, and the best movie that it ever produced is undoubtedly Konrad Wolf‘s I Was Nineteen. It’s a fictionalization of Wolf’s experiences, where a young boy who fled Germany with his parents returns as a lieutenant in the Red Army.
I Was Nineteen is easily the best-made and most thought-provoking East German masterpiece.
Due to its emphasis on subjective experience rather than propagandistic clarity, the DEFA disliked I Was Nineteen and tried to get Wolf to revise the screenplay in several ways. Yet, despite their interference, it is easily the best-made and most thought-provoking East German masterpiece. Though episodic, the film feels like a deeply intimate recollection of a man’s recollection of his tumultuous youth. It’s a stunning cinematic autobiography.
‘The Nightingale’s Prayer’ (1959) From the United Arab Republic
In 1958, a political union between Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic. Just three years later, Syria seceded from the union following a coup d’état, but Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until it was formally dissolved in 1971. During these (roughly) 13 years, the United Arab Republic produced several of what have gone down in history as the greatest African movies of all time. The most noteworthy of these is Henry Barakat‘s The Nightingale’s Prayer, a romance drama that follows a woman’s revenge plot against the engineer who destroyed her family’s honor.
It’s an immensely powerful social melodrama that’s surprisingly bleak and anti-patriarchy for its era. The Nightingale’s Prayer, which looks and feels delectably similar to the best of noirs being produced in Hollywood at the time, hasn’t aged perfectly in every department, but it still feels as well-performed, well-written, and well-directed today as it surely must have been back in the 1959 United Arab Republic.
‘Time of the Gypsies’ (1988) From Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia came into existence following World War I, being the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state in history. Due to a wide variety of factors and after a violent multi-stage process, the country broke up between 1991 and 1992. But during its existence, it was the source of some of the greatest European films and filmmakers of its time, chief among which is the great Emir Kusturica. One of Kusturica’s best movies is the Yugoslav-Italian co-production Time of the Gypsies, a coming-of-age fantasy crime drama about a young Roma boy with telekinetic powers who is seduced by the world of petty crime.
It’s one of those ’80s movie masterpieces that most people have forgotten about, which won Kusturica the Best Director Award at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival. Tragicomical, deeply moving, and unexpectedly dense (with a runtime of nearly two and a half hours), Time of the Gypsies is a beautifully chaotic epic that’s definitely a must-watch for history buffs and cinephiles alike.
‘Marketa Lazarová’ (1967) From Czechoslovakia
In 1918, Czechoslovakia was created after declaring its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1992, it split peacefully into Czechia and Slovakia. Throughout those 74 years, Czechoslovakia was the home of some of the greatest and most groundbreaking European films of the 20th century. During the ’60s in particular, filmmakers like František Vláčil led theCzechoslovak New Wave, one of the most notorious European film movements of the era.This movement birthed the country’s greatest cinematic masterpiece: Marketa Lazarová, an epic period drama about a young girl promised to God who is kidnapped and raped by a marauder.
It’s an unsettling and absolutely brutal masterpiece, but a masterpiece nonetheless. Clocking in at nearly three hours long and sprinkling surreal moments into the mix to enhance its psychologically intense atmosphere, it’s a dreamlike, poetic, and utterly mesmerizing work of art. Its score of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes is well deserved, since this is one of the most unforgettable period pieces in the history of cinema.
‘The Cranes Are Flying’ (1957) From the Soviet Union
From 1922 until its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union was the world’s flagship communist state. The nation’s film industry was fully regulated by the central government in Moscow and, thus, often prone to censorship. Still, such a tremendously large number of cinematic masterpieces came out of that system that one can point to innumerable Soviet movies which could be counted among the greatest of the 20th century. One such movie is The Cranes Are Flying, a war drama about two lovers planning a rendezvous at the bank of a river, only for the man to be drafted into WWII shortly after.
Plenty of war films out there depict the horror and devastation of armed conflict in all manner of thought-provoking ways, as well as somewhat problematic war films that make war seem like an exciting prospect. But movies about the tedium of war, about how slow, boring, and existentially dreadful it can be? There aren’t nearly enough of those in existence, but Georgian-Soviet filmmaker Mikhail Kalatozov made this one, which is great enough to make up for the scarcity of such movies. It’s a timeless cinematic miracle; poetic, visually splendid, and deeply human.
‘I Am Cuba’ (1964) From the Soviet Union
A co-production between the Soviet Union and Cuba, I Am Cuba is proof that propaganda cinema isn’t inherently bad. In fact, it is widely recognized by cinephiles and film historians as one of the greatest films of the 1960s,an anthology film and political drama with some of the most revolutionary cinematography in the history of the art form. Also directed by Mikhail Kalatozov, it follows four vignettes about the lives of the Cuban people during the pre-revolutionary era.
The film was almost completely forgotten until it was rediscovered by American filmmakers in the ’90s, and Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola were actually instrumental in its restoration and re-release in 1995. Politically radical, full of jaw-dropping visuals, and so ideologically profound that film scholars will probably continue to study it deeply for the rest of history, I Am Cuba is a must-see for all those who would say they love cinema.
‘Stalker’ (1979) From the Soviet Union
Andrei Tarkovsky was perhaps the greatest of all Soviet filmmakers, a poet with a camera who loved to work on his own terms. So much so, in fact, that he exiled himself from the Soviet Union in the early ’80s due to the unrelenting censorship and artistic interference from the government. The last film he made in the USSR was Stalker, one of the best and most beautiful arthouse sci-fi masterpieces of all time, full of the same kind of poetic pacing and philosophical depth that makes Tarkovsky timeless.Aside from being one of the sci-fi films with the strongest acting ever, the most gorgeous visuals ever, and the best dialogue ever, Stalker is a thought-provoking exploration of themes of faith, societal decay, and spiritual redemption. Its production was notoriously difficult (and led to Tarkovsky’s untimely death from cancer at 54 years old, since they shot in highly toxic locations), but the result is one of the most transcendental works of art in film history.
‘Underground’ (1995) From Yugoslavia
The biggest masterpiece that Emir Kusturica ever directed was the satirical epic war film Underground, about two underground black marketeers who sell weapons to the Communist resistance in wartime Belgrade. Admirably genre-bending and enthralling throughout its nearly three hours of runtime, the film earned Kusturica his second Cannes Palme d’Or victory (after 1985’s When Father Was Away on Business), making him one of only ten directors in history to have won the award more than once.
It was a well-deserved victory, too, since Underground is an exhilarating masterpiece that offers an insightful look at life in Communist Eastern Europe. Hugely ambitious, disorienting, energetic, and carnivalesque, it’s movie magic in its purest form. Funny though it may be, Underground is also epically operatic and emotionally enthralling, making it one of history’s greatest cinematic masterpieces.
‘Come and See’ (1985) From the Soviet Union
Yet another Soviet masterpiece, the anti-war thriller coming-of-age Come and See is not only the highest-rated European film on Letterboxd, but the 4th-highest-rated movie on the platform in general. It’s a horrific, absolutely harrowing epic where, after finding an old rifle, a young boy joins the Soviet resistance movement against German forces during WWII. Plenty of movies make war seem like hell, but none nearly as effectively and potently as this one.
Directed by Elem Klimov and starring Aleksei Kravchenko, who delivers the most transformative and emotionally devastating child acting performance in film history, Come and See is not for the faint of heart. But daunting though it may be, it’s obligatory viewing for movie fans. It’s an unforgiving waking nightmare that you simply can’t forget, visually striking and full of hard-hitting scenes. Soviet cinema was rarely ever this good.
‘Andrei Rublev’ (1966) From the Soviet Union
Actually, Soviet cinema was only ever slightly better than Klimov’s Come and See once, and that was when Andrei Tarkovsky made his magnum opus, Andrei Rublev, arguably the greatest movie of the last 100 years. It’s a three-hour-long arthouse biopic about the life, times, and afflictions of the titular Medieval Russian icon painter, though the movie is far more focused on Medieval Russian history than on Rublev’s life in terms of historical accuracy. However, Tarkovsky is even more interested in the thematic depth of this thought-provoking film about art, religion, spirituality, and where those things intersect.
Andrei Rublev will be an obnoxious bore for those who hate slow-burning cinema, but for people who love arthouse films that take their time and aren’t afraid to slow down and let the narrative breathe, it will be an unforgettable experience. The acting is phenomenal, Tarkovsky’s direction is so transcendentally powerful that it almost doesn’t feel human, and the long runtime doesn’t have a single second where it’s not absolutely fascinating. The Soviet Union may not exist anymore, but Tarkovsky’s work will prove eternal.